Finland joins Nato, Russia threatens 'counter-measures'

Finland formally joined the Nato military alliance on Tuesday in a historic policy shift brought on by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, drawing a threat from Moscow of "countermeasures".

Finland's accession roughly doubles the length of the border that Nato shares with Russia and bolsters its eastern flank as the war in Ukraine grinds on with no resolution in sight.

Finnish Foreign Minister Pekka Haavisto completed the accession process by handing over an official document to US Secretary of State Antony Blinken at Nato headquarters in Brussels.

"We welcome Finland to the alliance," Nato Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said at the end of the brief ceremony.

Earlier, Stoltenberg had noted that Russian President Vladimir Putin had cited opposing Nato's eastward expansion as one justification for his invasion.

"He is getting exactly the opposite... Finland today, and soon also Sweden will become a full fledged member of the alliance," Stoltenberg said in Brussels.

Finnish President Saul Niinisto said Finland's most significant contribution to Nato's common deterrence and defence would be to defend its own territory. There is still significant work to be done to coordinate this with Nato, he said.

"It is a great day for Finland and I want to say that it is an important day for Nato," Niinisto said at a joint news conference with Stoltenberg.

The Kremlin said Russia would be forced to take "counter-measures" to Finland's accession. Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu said the move raised the prospect of the conflict in Ukraine escalating further.

Russia had said on Monday it would strengthen its military capacity in its western and northwestern regions in response to Finland joining Nato.

The Ukrainian government also hailed Finland's move. President Volodymyr Zelensky's chief of staff Andriy Yermak wrote on Telegram: "FI made the right choice. Nato is also a key goal for Ukraine."

Ending military non-alignment

The event marks the end of an era of military non-alignment for Finland that began after the country repelled an invasion attempt by the Soviet Union during World War Two and opted to try to maintain friendly relations with neighbouring Russia.

But the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 prompted Finns to seek security under Nato's collective defence pact, which states that an attack on one member is an attack on all.

Moscow, which has long criticised the move, reacted crossly.

Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said the Nato expansion was an "encroachment on our security and on Russia's national interests". Moscow would watch closely for any Nato military deployments in Finland, he said.

Since the end of the Cold War three decades ago, Moscow has watched successive waves of Nato enlargement to the formerly communist east of Europe with consternation, and the issue was a bone of contention even before the invasion of Ukraine.

Nato has repeatedly stressed that it is solely a defensive alliance and does not threaten Russia.

Blinken said: "I'm tempted to say this is maybe the one thing we can thank Mr Putin for. Because he once again here precipitated something he claims to want to prevent."

Finland and its Nordic neighbour Sweden applied together last year to join Nato, but the Swedish application has been held up by Nato members Turkey and Hungary.

Swedish Foreign Minister Tobias Billstroem told reporters it was Stockholm's ambition to become a member at the Nato summit in Vilnius in July.

"This is a question of utmost importance for Sweden... There is no reason for neither the Turkish parliament or the Hungarian parliament to make any further further delays," he said.

Turkey says Stockholm harbours members of what Ankara considers terrorist groups - an accusation Sweden denies - and has demanded their extradition as a step toward ratifying Swedish membership.

Hungary cites grievances over criticism of Prime Minister Viktor Orban's record on democracy and rule of law. Nato diplomats say they expect Budapest to approve Sweden's bid if it sees Turkey moving to do so.